The jury, the death penalty, and James Holmes

It was a bit of a shock twist yesterday, August 7, when the jury in State of Colorado v. James Holmes failed to turn over a required unanimous verdict in any of the 24 death-eligible charges that would’ve left Holmes eligible for the death penalty. In response, as we’ve seen with Casey Anthony and George Zimmerman, many are denigrating the jury.

According to reports there was only one holdout juror who was refusing to hand down a sentence of death, while two others apparently wavered. It’s a paradox I’ve seen time and again when I’ve studied capital punishment. A person who says at the start of a trial that they are willing to impose the death penalty in a case may waver when the time actually comes to decide if that sentence should be imposed. It is actually one of the striking features of the capital punishment sentencing process and the primary reason it exists.

As heinous as Holmes’ actions were, apparently they weren’t heinous enough to convince one of the twelve jurors to impose the death penalty. This is actually a good thing, because it is more likely this one person was not voting for the death penalty out of emotion. And this ensures that cases where someone is sentenced to death are cases that ring so true in a person that there is no hesitation by any reasonable juror. Even in Holmes’ case, a person may reasonably be certain in a sentence of death or reasonably hesitant.

A sentence of death is not one that should be handed down out due to emotion or out of any need or desire for vengeance on anyone’s part.

Hands up if you remember the case against Terry Nichols. For those who have forgotten — or never knew to begin with — Terry Nichols is the convicted co-conspirator to the 1994 Oklahoma City bombing. He also was twice exonerated of the death penalty: once by a Federal jury and again by a jury in Oklahoma. He is now spending the rest of his days at the super-max prison known as ADX. Even with the heinousness of that event, and the overwhelming evidence of Nichols’ involvement, two juries couldn’t summon whatever was needed to sentence him to death.

And the only reason the State of Oklahoma put him on trial is the fact a Federal jury did not sentence him to death. The people of Oklahoma wanted him dead, and petitioned out for a trial of emotion, and thankfully the Oklahoma jury would not capitulate to that.

The law requires a unanimous verdict, and as much as the remainder would’ve liked to see Holmes sentenced to death, they also couldn’t bully the holdout into a sentence of death. The jury would’ve likely been polled to confirm the verdict was unanimous, in which case the lone holdout would’ve been required under oath to say that their vote of “death” was not genuine, in which case the judge would’ve vacated the verdict.

That is the way of it.

While the death penalty has a rather cavalier history in the United States, we have since grown to recognize it to not be something to just be thrown around. And while I would agree with many other Americans that Holmes would be a case worthy of the death penalty, I must still recognize that it is not my decision to make, and I must respect the decision made by those with that authority.

One notion too many forget is that the Court of Law does not answer to the People. A jury does not answer to the People either. In the courtroom, the jury is the ultimate arbiter of, well, everything. All notions of law and fact are rendered in a verdict with all the detail stripped out and ample room for speculation left. We’ve seen it time and again. Casey Anthony. Darren Wilson (grand jury, not actual trial). George Zimmerman.

And when the jury does not rule the way the people feel the jury should rule, the jury is denigrated, and sometimes the entire jury system is attacked by extension. That is what we must avoid.

Disagree with the jury’s decision all you want, but the moment you start attacking the jury itself simply for not liking an outcome, you are, by extension, attacking everyone’s right to a jury under the Sixth Amendment. You can disagree with the jury without attacking the jury, yet too many seem unwilling to do such. If a person doesn’t come to the same conclusion as us, we conclude there is something wrong with the person as opposed to their reasoning. Again, we’ve seen the same with Casey Anthony (I wrote about that here) and George Zimmerman.

My hope for the future is that the people will let just this case go and won’t call for the Department of Justice to exercise dual sovereignty as a means of exposing Holmes to the death penalty again.

Some basic math for Occupy Democrats

Occupy Democrats has been posting a bunch of memes to Facebook talking about the call for a $15 minimum wage. And the way they are trying to support the idea is comparing against the “hourly wage” of a corporation’s CEO. The idea is flawed for two reasons: CEOs don’t work the “traditional” 40/hrs per week — a lot of them work a hell of a lot more than that because they have to — but also because of simple arithmetic.

And this makes me wonder about the future intelligence of this country.

So if you take the “hourly wage” of a corporation’s CEO and divide it by 15, you’ll see quite clearly why it is that many corporations cannot afford $15/hr for their employees, even if their CEO was paid nothing. For example, let’s look at Wal-Mart.

According to Salary.com, Wal-Mart’s CEO, C. Douglas McMillion, received a total cash compensation of $4,079,202 for 2014. Divide that by 2080 (40 hours per week, 52 weeks per year) and you get $1961.15 per hour (again, C-level executives tend to work a lot more hours than that, meaning their actual per hour rate is lower). Divide that by 15, and you get 130 (rounding down). In other words, if you zeroed out the CEO’s cash compensation, you’ll be able to pay 130 employees $15/hour at 40 hours per week for 52 weeks.

Just 130 employees. Wal-Mart employs over 1 million people just in the United States, over 2 million worldwide.

But let’s go further and zero out the cash compensation for all of the listed C-level executives. According to Salary.com, if I didn’t fumble on the calculator, the total on that is $18,302,268. That’s not really a lot, when you think about it. And how many employees would that support at $15/hour full time? Only 586.

Now, I can hear the argument, “That’s for new employees. That would be used to give employees raises to $15/hour.” Okay, let’s presume you’ll use that money to raise up all employees currently making the current Federal minimum of $7.25/hour to $15/hour. How many people would get that raise? Just 1,135.

If you want an idea of how many employees a C-level executive’s cash compensation will support at $15/hour, take the reported number and divide it by 31,200. To see how many employees would be raised from a minimum wage (which varies by State and locale) to $15/hour by zeroing out executive cash compensation, multiply 2080 by the difference between $15 and the current minimum wage and divide the executive cash compensation by that result. If you have no idea how to figure that out reading the preceding sentences, you need to go back to school and re-learn basic arithmetic.

And if you seriously think that C-level executive pay is the problem, and that if they were just paid less those corporations could afford $15/hour for their employees, again, you need to go back to school and re-learn basic arithmetic and algebra, and a couple business classes wouldn’t hurt either.

Beta Orionis – Part XXI

Build Log:

Nothing like a holiday weekend to continue a build, especially since I’ve been putting this off for a lot longer than I originally anticipated. Okay I didn’t get to it over the holiday weekend, but much, much later.

I started off with the Gigabyte mainboard as I could get the north and southbridge blocks installed to it without having to drain the loop. I also still wasn’t entirely sure how I was going to mount the pump and reservoir, so the mainboard was the best place to start.

northandsouthbridge

The northbridge and southbridge blocks went without difficulty. Only a couple minor adjustments to get them seated properly and attached without looking crooked. The VRM block, on the other hand, wasn’t so simple.

The Koolance 140mm plate is a little long for the VRMs on the board, but I was willing to modify the plate in order to get it seated. But it’s too wide. Drilling holes I was willing to do. Shaving off the side, though… But recall from a previous article that I ordered both the MVR-100 and MVR-40 VRM blocks. According to Koolance, the MVR-40 is actually 58mm long, while the MVR-100 is actually 100mm, so trying to use both together wouldn’t work.

But for the MVR-40, Koolance does sell a 67mm plate which is 13mm wide. Another MVR-40 plus two 67mm plates should net me a 134mm long VRM plate. The trouble with doing that is finding a way to keep the two blocks together and rigid in the middle. I’m hoping the gap between the blocks will be enough that I can use the included hold-down, and that said hold-down is strong enough that it’ll hold everything rigid.

Additionally I have some fittings that may assist on that matter. Some fittings are going to be relocated in the re-build of the loop, so I’ll take that into account. Basically what I have in mind is using two Koolance 90-degree fittings with a Bitspower mini D-plug (specifically item BP-WTP-C28), which is 15mm long, and another Swiftech 15mm extension fitting between them. If my math on the diagrams is correct, that should do the trick.

The Koolance order arrives

So after trying to figure all that out, I went ahead and ordered another MVR-40 and two of the 67mm plates direct from Koolance. It would be a few days before I could get to assembling them, though, due to a new arrival to the family. A kitten. A 6-week old (at the time we adopted her) kitten we call Alice. Anyway…

When I assembled the blocks with the expansion plates and did a test fit on the hardware, things were unfortunately not going to work as I’d hoped… because I didn’t properly measure things before placing orders.

mvr40s

Recall from earlier that the MVR-40 is actually 58mm long. I ordered two of the 67mm extension plates for this. Well had I taken calipers to the VRMs before placing the order, I would’ve found that the span of the VRMs is about 122mm, with about 130mm between the mounting holes for the original heatsink. So two 67mm plates is too long. Two of the MVR-40s is two short by just a couple millimeters. But what’s about perfect — though it’ll look a little odd — is one MVR-40 with the 67mm plate and one without. The one without will also be about 5mm lower than the one with, so to line up fittings I’ll need a 5mm extension fitting.

There’s a secondary consideration. To keep the blocks together and rigid in the middle, I will need a way of attaching them together so it appears to be one rigid piece even though it isn’t, since I doubt the fittings will be able to do such. Rotary fittings typically have a little give to them. So there really isn’t a good option available on that front.

But I still have the MVR-100 laying around. Unfortunately it appears that Koolance never distributed a 120mm or 125mm plate for the MVR-100, so to do this and leave it looking clean, custom seems to be my only option.

Enter OnlineMetals.com, owned by ThyssenKrupp. From there I was able to purchase a few copper plates for a pretty small cost. With a shipping discount code, four plates about 3/16″ thick, 5″ long, and 1/2″ wide came to a hair over $15 (shipping by USPS Flat Rate). I’ve never purchased copper like this — it’s quite different when you’re able to pull copper tubing off the shelf at Home Depot, or buy copper fittings or other copper parts where the decision making process comes down to simply “what size?”

The main concern came down to alloy, and after doing a bit of reading online, I limited my choice to two: 101 and 110. The latter is “annealed”, meaning heat treated so it’s supposed to be easier to machine, while the former is near pure copper — read: ideal for water blocks. The concern is machining it. I only have a hand drill, but even if I had a press it may still not be ideal, simply because that’s the nature of machining metals.

From what I’ve read online, cobalt bits are supposed to provide the ideal situation. For such a thin distance — only 3/16″ thickness — a little lubricant (something like synthetic motor oil, possibly gun oil) plus the cobalt bit should allow me to cut through the 110 and possibly even the 101. I ordered two of each to allow me to try drilling one of them myself, and taking the other to a machining shop if necessary. The bit I’ll need is a 3/16″ bit to allow clearance for a #6-32 screw. I have a countersink bit to follow the original, but I’m not sure how well it’ll work on copper, and the holes will need to be countersunk.

Drilling copper

Nothing like going a little ghetto to water cool a system. Sometimes this is needed to get all of what you want. For example if you want to full water cool a non-reference graphics card, you might need to do something like this — do a universal GPU block on the processor, and MVR-40s or an MVR-100 with heat transfer plates, custom if needed, on the other heat generating components. Use barbs with thin vinyl tubing between them to keep it light while making it look a little freakish…

That gives me an idea for the future.

First order of business after getting the copper in was checking fit. 1/2″ is just under 13mm, but virtually any material you order online for industrial supply is going to have a tolerance to the measurement they quote. So it’s always a good idea to check fits before you start doing anything to it. And while the width was about spot on for what I wanted, the length was a little bit of a concern, but I knew it would be going in.

I ordered the pieces to be a 5″ long. What arrived were six copper plates, three of each kind (instead of two, but hey, more room for error), but of slightly varying lengths. Getting something that fit was going to require milling corners in some fashion. Why didn’t I set the length specifically to what I knew would fit? Because it’s a difference of under 1/10th of an inch, and they have a 1/8th tolerance on their lengths. I’d be risking getting pieces that were too short in that instance. The shortest piece was only slightly too long, it measured at shy of 130mm, so it’s either drill the corners or see if I can grind it down. If it was 127mm, or about 5″ exactly, then it likely would’ve been the perfect length. It’s a risk.

According to Koolance’s diagram for the MVR-100, the holes are to be spaced 92mm apart, or 46mm off-center for each. If push comes to shove, I can do the same thing Koolance already has with the 140mm heat transfer plate and drill a couple holes toward each edge of the copper plate and tap them for #6-32.

The cobalt bit came from Home Depot — 3/16″ cobalt bit by Ridgid. The hand drill is a Black and Decker cordless drill, and I used a standard V-Drillguide for guiding the bit and a C-clamp for holding it together. The holes on the first piece weren’t completely centered and straight down the middle, but I got close enough. To countersink the screws I just used a step bit. The bit started out at 1/4″, so the tapered end was perfect for that.

And as I forgot to charge the drill before trying this, I had only enough juice to get one hole countersunk and the second barely sunk enough.

As you can see a test fit followed. The “tolerance” in the screw holes allowed the plate to still line up straight. Even though there will be thermal pads between this and the VRMs, I decided to sink the hole a little better after letting the drill charge.

block1

block2

I used a rasp to shave down the corners. The drill bit didn’t want to hold still even with the guide over it, so I just took the file to it. Took a bit of time — and a sore back — but I managed to get the corners knocked down enough to get it to fit. This also preserved as much of the copper’s mass as possible, which will aid a little bit in cooling — not much, but it’ll still help.

An alternative to this would’ve been to order the plates longer — probably closer to 6″ instead of 5″ — and drill and tap holes to secure it through the mainboard. But to do that I would’ve needed a press to ensure I could drill properly without worrying about the bit slipping since the mounting hole would’ve been off to the side closer to the edge instead of centered. But then if I had a press, I could’ve drilled off the ends on this plate as well instead of using a rasp and a ton of elbow grease.

With a confirmed fit, I cleaned the copper plate, applied the thermal compound, and mounted the block to the mainboard.

Reply to Gov. Martin O’Malley regarding “gun reform”

Martin O’Malley is the former governor of Maryland who is also seeking the Democratic nomination for the 2016 presidential election cycle. Recently he penned an op-ed that was published in the Boston Globe called “Congress needs to act on gun reform“. I think it’s quite telling where he sits on the gun control fence, but let’s get into this.

These tragedies aren’t isolated incidents or even “accidents” as some have called them — they’re part of a full-blown epidemic.

We cannot let this become the new normal. As we mourn for the lives cut short — for the victims and the loved ones they leave behind — we can’t just sit by and wait for another tragedy to happen again.

We need comprehensive gun safety laws to save lives.

Ah another politician using the words “gun safety” when they really mean “gun control”. That is one thing that has certainly become the new normal. Okay, Governor, if you want the gun safety rules codified, I can go for that. Except they already are in one way or another. Which is why I know you’re not talking about the gun safety rules.

For those who aren’t aware, there are four rules typically listed, and most provide the list published by the NRA (in no particular order): 1. keep your finger off the trigger until you’re ready to fire, 2. do not point the barrel at anything you do not intend to destroy (i.e. always keep the barrel pointing in a safe direction), 3. know your target and what is around it, and 4. always treat a firearm as loaded until you confirm it is not.

All of these rules, and the consequences for not following them, are already covered in our laws. I detailed the laws for the State of Missouri in an earlier article, and I’m sure Maryland is no different.

Which, again, is why you’re not talking about “gun safety”. You’re talking about gun control. So stop using the terms “gun safety” unless you’re talking about the generally accepted rules for gun safety.

This is where we should start: The federal government should limit the sale of firearms to tightly regulated, licensed dealers. That means closing the “gun show loophole” once and for all, and banning unlicensed private individuals from selling guns.

And how do you think this will “save lives”? You see typically the way things are supposed to work in the United States is that a politician doesn’t just espouse a policy with some vague goal of “saving lives”. Instead they have to justify the policy they wish to enact. And nowhere in your op-ed do you justify how this policy will “save lives”.

Since you’ve already cited mass shootings, here’s something you should know: the vast majority of guns used in crimes were not obtained through private transfers. James Holmes purchased his firearms through licensed dealers. So did Jared Loughner. Adam Lanza stole what he used by first killing his mother, but those firearms were still obtained legally through licensed dealers — I haven’t seen a report that says otherwise.

So again, how will this policy “save lives”? And how many do you think it’ll save? Would it have stopped any of the mass shootings that have occurred so far this year?

We should also impose greater restrictions on what, to whom, and where dealers can sell guns. That means banning the sale of assault weapons, increasing inspections, and establishing a national gun registry to help law enforcement track down dangerous criminals. It also means requiring gun owners to secure and safely store all firearms in their homes.

Except the assault weapons ban of 1994 did nothing for crime according to the FBI, so why you’re still calling for a failed policy is beyond me. Actually I know exactly why: the guns the AWB would ban look scary and the people you’re pandering to are easily scared. Yet when anti-gunners are introduced to firearms in a controlled manner and shown the reality of firearms and their owners, they actually become pro-gun.

A national gun registry also won’t do jack for crime. In New York they’re actually having difficulty enforcing their registration laws. It’s estimated that over a million guns are not legally registered. What kind of contribution is that having to crime? Hard to say, but it’s also quite likely that everyone eschewing registration is otherwise law-abiding and won’t be using their guns to kill or injure people in mass, and to presume such — which gun control and registration laws do — is unfair in the kindest terms. What happened to the concept of “innocent until proven guilty”? Or does that only apply where you think it should apply?

There is also no evidence that a gun registry will “help law enforcement track down dangerous criminals”, and tells me you have no idea how registries work. A registry merely lists gun owners and the guns they own — at least the ones who voluntarily submit to registration. So if law enforcement finds a weapon — one with discernable serial numbers still on it — they can look up the serial number in the registry and get the registered owner, provided the firearm was actually registered. Is that person the same one who committed the crime? I’ll say that the possibility is extremely slim, because those who will voluntarily submit to registration are going to be the least likely to commit a crime.

So registration doesn’t make it easier to “track down dangerous criminals”, it’s a waste of time as an investigative tool because it’ll provide a false lead at best. And the few instances where it might aid in solving a crime will be far outnumbered by the money wasted maintaining it.

The reforms we put in place included required licensing, fingerprinting, background checks, and safety training. We ensured that these requirements applied to all buyers, whether they were acquiring a gun from a dealer, a secondary sale, or as a private gift.

And at the same time you’ve made it more difficult for the lesser-advantaged in Maryland to acquire a firearm. This is why I say that gun control is racist in its motives and implementation. And again all the people who would voluntarily submit to this are not the people that you need to worry about.

We banned the sale of assault weapons and limited the size of magazines. And, if a firearm was lost or stolen, we required it to be reported immediately to law enforcement.

And if the FBI’s own reports are anything to go by — you know, being the most cited law enforcement agency in the country, since they are the top law enforcement agency — then you’ve actually done nothing to curtail gun crime and violence. Instead you’ve only impaired the law abiding. And as Eliot Roger showed, a person can patiently wade through whatever laws you pass in order to commit mayhem. Regardless of what laws you pass, they will either adjust for them, or find a way to go around them.

One question about the magazine limit: does it apply to law enforcement as well? Have all law enforcement agencies also limited their magazine capacities down to the new legal limit? I’m guessing not,

Our goal in Maryland, as it should be for the nation, was to reduce mass shootings and keep guns out of the hands of criminals.

ShootingTracker.com shows six “mass shootings” in Baltimore so far for 2015, one in Capitol Heights and another in Springdale, for a total of eight. For 2014, they’re showing one in Baltimore, one in Camp Spring, and one in Seat Pleasant. Just three for 2014.

And those laws were passed and implemented starting in 2013. Nice try, Governor. Looks like your laws aren’t doing jack shit.

While the public strongly backs common-sense gun safety reforms, Congress has refused to act on them.

Actually the polls are misleading and results mixed.

And you’re trying to call them “common sense gun safety reforms” when the majority of law enforcement — you know, the ones who are actually quite well versed on how all of this words — don’t believe they will work. They don’t back any of the ideas that gun control proponents have devised and do not feel they will actually help reduce crime.

Their fear of retribution has led them to block even the most basic gun safety reforms.

So the NRA is to blame for all of this? Oh no, Governor. The NRA is backed by millions of gun owners across the country, but they represent only a fraction of the gun owning population. Most don’t belong to any organization or provide any kind of donation or support to them. It is that otherwise silent majority of gun owners that even Democrats fear. The same silent majority that cost Democrats the House and Senate in 1994, the election year in which even Senator Dianne Feinstein barely held on to her seat.

A lot of senior Democrats — Feinstein excluded — remember what happened in 1994. That is why they overwhelmingly rejected gun control in 2013. It has cost politicians their jobs, and will continue to do so.

Stopping the preventable deaths of American citizens should not be a partisan issue, or the purview of special interests. These members of Congress need to find the courage to do the right thing, without fear of the NRA’s clout, come next election.

It’s not enough just to “have the conversation.” It’s time for actual leadership and action.

In other words, it’s time to implement what you want, the rest of the public be damned, because you know what’s best for all of us. Do I have that right, Governor?

We’ve been having the conversation. You just don’t like the direction it has gone. As I showed above, the laws your State enacted in 2013 have not met the goals you expect, and probably never will. Gun control is a failed policy. We’ve seen it time and again. The FBI said that the assault weapons ban did nothing for crime in the United States. The top States in the US for crime rates are predominantly gun control states.

And gun control in other countries shows it to be a monumental failure: while gun crime may have declined, other crimes rose to take its place. Even countries that have banned guns still have problems with gun crime. How does that work if your pesky laws are supposed to save the world, save lives, and prevent senseless deaths? In Australia after their 1996 draconian laws were passed, assaults actually rose. Murders and manslaughters declined, but mass murders still continued, including this past December when Cairns buried 8 minors between the ages of 18 months and 14 years, all killed in by knife.

So spare me your gun control rhetoric, Governor, that you’re trying to dress up under the guise of “gun safety”. We’ve all heard it before. You’re just not liking that a lot of the people aren’t buying into it. It’s one of the reasons I’m hoping Bernie Sanders gets the Democrat nomination. At least he knows that gun control on the by and large does not and has not worked.b

$150,000 medical bill for snakebite

By now I’m sure you’ve heard about the $150,000 medical bill that one “adventurer” incurred when he attempted to take a “selfie” with a rattlesnake. Over half the bill, almost $84,000, was for “pharmaceuticals” — i.e. the antivenin plus other drugs which would’ve included painkillers, saline fluids for hydration, antibiotics, and whatever else was administered during his visit to the emergency room.

Now a lot of people are looking purely at the numbers and not thinking beyond that. Accusations of “gouging” are abundant with regard to this case. Two hospitals were drained of antivenin treating this guy. So how is it that can result in a bill of $150,000?

Quite simply: the cost of producing the antivenin.

Now articles point out that there is only one licensed supplier of antivenin for the United States. Automatically this makes people think “monopoly” and that the producer is charging exorbitant prices simply because they can. Without competition, what’s to stop them? And it’s not like governments can stop them from importing the antivenin simply because that would mean condemning a lot of treatable cases.

While a valid concern, it hides the primary detail with regard to antivenin and why it is so expensive: the risks with its production.

The production of antivenin requires one thing: venom. There are not many people in the world qualified to actually properly handle these animals in order to obtain the venom safely. So if you think you’re qualified to handle snakes, spiders, and other venomous creatures in order to milk them of their venom, feel free to go into competition with the other venom suppliers — the few that exist — and provide the venom a at price that undercuts the other suppliers. All you need is several of each type of animal, the facilities and personnel to house and manage them, and, of course, the facilities for storing and milking the venom. And all the various licenses and certifications that go along with that.

Beyond that, there’s the venom itself. As I said, there aren’t many people in the entire world qualified to handle snakes and spiders for the purpose of milking them — such as those who collect and harvest venom from the vicious and infamous Sydney funnel-web.

And different animals produce differing amounts of venom. The Sydney funnel-web, for example, doesn’t produce much. Harvesting will only get one or two mL per spider, meaning to get a decent quantity for making antivenin, you need a lot of spiders. And in Australia there is only one supplier for that venom: the Australian Reptile Park. And they house, if I recall the video correctly, over a hundred spiders. For many venomous animals, there is only one or a few suppliers.

So this puts supply in short supply, and when it comes to the law of supply and demand, short supply but high demand means prices don’t stay low. They aren’t charging a particular price for the venom simply because they can, but because they have their own costs to cover — storing and maintaining the animals, and insuring against the risks with handling them, among others. That is the basics of economics, and when you add up all of those costs, you get a rather eye-opening number.

Given the life-saving treatments that they are helping produce, you would basically have to presume that the people making the pricing decisions are cold-hearted or heartless assholes who are just out to make a buck instead of cover their costs with a slight markup. But that is likely how a lot of people see anyone working in the medical industry in any capacity who is not giving away their services for free.

Antivenin is also quite specialized — read: costly — in its production. Popular Mechanics lays out the steps:

1. Harvesting the venom — As I already said, this is specialized work, and often there are only one or a few venom suppliers for any given species. But if you think you have the skills to do it, feel free to go into competition with the other suppliers.

2. Cold storage and labeling — it’s extremely important that the venom be properly labeled. Some antivenins, particularly those for spiders, must be specific to the venom they target. CroFab is more generalized simply because of the nature of the venoms they target.

3. Selecting a host animal — That’s right, the venom is injected into an animal (usually a horse) so that their immune systems can create antibodies against the venom material. Don’t worry, it’s only a really tiny, dilute quantity that is injected.

4. Preparing the “vaccine” — This is the most important part. Diluted venom, sometimes with an additional adjuvant, is prepared as a kind of “vaccine” to be injected into the host animal. The animal is injected multiple times in very tiny quantities (under a milliliter) in different locations on the body. Multiple venoms may also be injected into the same animal to get a variety of antibodies, allowing one antivenin to work against multiple species. An example is CroFab, the only antivenin in the United States licensed for snakebites, and known to work against all North American snake venoms except the Coral snake — i.e. “red and yell, kill a fellow”.

Coral snake antivenom was produced by Pfizer, but they ceased production due to mounting losses — i.e. not enough people are bit by coral snakes every year to justify the cost of producing the antivenin — though they announced in 2013 that they would resume production. Foreign manufacturers have produced coral snake antivenin, but the licensing requirements and costs to introduce it to the United States have stalled availability.

5. Purifying and licensing — After waiting enough time for the animal to develop antibodies against the venom, blood is drawn and the plasma is separated from the blood. The antivenin is derived from the animal’s plasma. Popular Mechanics also notes that one of the biggest hurdles, adding into the mix a significant cost as well, to bringing the antivenin to market in the US is FDA licensing, which can take as long as 10 years and cost hundreds of millions of dollars if not over a billion dollars.

6. Human use — Once licensed and cleared for human use, the antivenin is freeze dried or distilled into a powdered concentrate, and must be stored refrigerated or below-freezing as well. It usually takes between 25 and 30 of vials of antivenin for a single patient. The concentrate is diluted into saline and administered to the patient. The antibodies in the solution bind to the venom and neutralize it, and the liver and kidneys carry it out of the body.

Beyond the steps, the antivenin is only one part of the ER visit. For example while waiting for antivenin for a Timber rattlesnake bite to “kick in”, a person may need to be put on antihemophilic drugs to counteract the hemophiliac effect of the venom. Neurotoxic venom, such as the aforementioned coral snake, mean that the patient will need to be on artificial respiration or a negative pressure ventilator to keep the patient alive during respiratory paralysis.

The cost per vial of antivenin is going to vary. CroFab costs upwards of $2,000 per vial to the hospital and has a shelf life of three years. The cost reflects the costs that go into the antivenin, including the risks involved at all stages. This cost will be passed on to the patient or the taxpayers, and means that a snakebite can leave someone who is uninsured with a massive amount of financial liability.

And yet many want all of this basically given away for free.

The only thing that will bring down the cost of the antivenin is greater production and availability of it. For this we need market competition — i.e. more venom harvesters selling venom to more antivenin producers. Unfortunately the very nature of harvesting the venom is what will keep supplies low and suppliers few, as it is a very high risk profession for which there is bound to be very high insurance and payroll costs.

Reply to Rev. Dr. John C. Dorhauer regarding white privilege

To the honorable Reverend,

Privilege comes in many forms. As a person of the cloth, you have privileges that I, as an atheist, will never have. Yet I don’t see you acknowledging your Christian privilege. Instead you are going on about “white privilege” without realizing what privilege actually is. Given that whites are leaving the church at a far, far higher rate than blacks, I have to question your motives for writing an open letter regarding “white privilege”.

Again privilege comes in many forms. But like racism, the word “privilege” is starting to lose its meaning because of how much it is being thrown around. Anyone wanting to call attention to a perceived disadvantage tends to throw around that word. Yet I’ve yet to see an atheist emphasize the word “privilege” when it comes to Christianity. The concept is perfectly valid there and brings to light another common social justice term: intersectionality.

Privilege can certainly be hard to see, since you are not seeing the privilege you have being a Christian. But it is not defined by what doesn’t happen to you. It is defined by the groups to which you belong, either de facto or not. For example I have various privileges by being a licensed driver, a member of Phi Theta Kappa, and a permitted carrier of a concealed weapon. Do I have various privileges for being “white”? That’s a little harder to defend, in part because the commonly-cited examples of “white privilege”, some of which you’ve reproduced in your letter, have alternate explanations that are just as plausible. So if you are going to declare that the only reason those particular examples occur is “white privilege”, you have your work cut out for you defending them — and you didn’t even do any leg work in that direction.

But before I get into your examples, let’s for a moment reflect on Christian privilege since it calls into view one concept that seems to escape a ton of people: tribalism. Obviously being a member of a group will afford you privileges from that group that you will not have with others. One of which is trust before question — by that I mean that a black person is more likely to be trusted by other blacks without having his or her motives questioned, and the same with a white person with regard to other whites. A black person is more likely to be hesitant to trust whites, and whites are more likely to be hesitant in trusting blacks. While not universals, they are true in the general sense of things.

Christians are more likely to trust other Christians, even after egregious wrongs on the part of a Christian have been discovered — case in point: Josh Duggar. Atheists are also more likely to trust other atheists before they trust other Christians. The reasons on this actually play into the discussions on “white privilege” yet are rarely discussed: how have these groups interacted in the past and present?

With regard to racial inequalities, the past is the focus more than the present, as the past has details that are far, far more applicable. So with that out of the way, let’s get into your examples.

We aren’t getting arrested at four times our population rate.

There are multiple reasons blacks are arrested at a far, far higher rate than whites. For one, they are committing far more crimes. While many assert that blacks and whites commit the same number of crimes, that still doesn’t fare well for blacks because it still means that blacks commit crimes at a far higher rate than whites. I’ve seen comments saying that whites are more likely to get away with crimes than blacks, yet there is no way to prove that statement as far as I’m aware.

And to quote the late Christopher Hitchens, “That which can be asserted without evidence, can be dismissed without evidence.” That is one of the reasons many whites find the concept of “white privilege” to be problematic at best. It is asserted without evidence that supports the “white privilege” hypothesis to the exclusion of all other explanations. Same with the concept of “male privilege”. Actually, no, “male privilege” is absolutely abhorrent as a concept because it is asserted in the face of contradictory evidence. And to a degree, so is “white privilege”.

But getting back to the arrest rate, there are some striking numbers that the FBI has available. For 2013, the FBI notes that blacks and whites committed roughly about the same number of homicides. And blacks killed far more whites than whites killed blacks, and blacks are killing each other more than whites are killing each other. A black man is far more likely to kill another someone than a white man. And with other crimes, the numbers paint a similar story: they are far more likely to commit crimes than whites.

That is why they are being arrested at a far higher rate.

We aren’t being followed when walking through a department store wearing a sweat shirt with a hood.

I’m going to take a wild guess and say you’ve never worked in a retail establishment. This happens to both whites and blacks. If it happens to blacks more, the rational explanation is the greater likelihood of wearing hoodies, while a complementary notion is, as noted above, the greater likelihood to commit crimes.

If blacks were to not commit crimes at nearly the rate they do, we wouldn’t have a reason to be suspicious. But I’ll invite you to conduct an experiment. Walk through one retail establishment dressed as you would as a pastor and gauge the reception. Then dress in loosely-fitting jeans that barely hold onto your waist and a hoodie — bonus points: do this in the middle of summer on a hot day — and then gauge the reception. I guarantee you that you’ll be carefully monitored, possibly even followed, through the establishment, especially if you don’t have a cart or basket and are giving the general impression that you aren’t there to actually buy something.

How do I know this is how you’ll be received? Because it is how I’ve been received in the past when I’ve walked through retail establishments wearing a hoodie. And it’s how I’ve received others when I worked in retail back in 1998 and 1999.

Real estate agencies didn’t write codes, rules and laws that kept us out of the high rent districts and middle class neighborhoods.

And a lot of those laws forced segregation on those who didn’t want to practice it. Conditional deeds were written as well that prevented the deed from being transferred to certain individuals — those conditions are now basically null and void, but they once existed with the full force of a contract.

But remember what I said previously about tribalism? The one notion on this that many forget is that even when segregation was not legally enforced, it still occurred voluntarily. Blacks congregated in neighborhoods with other blacks, and whites did the same. There are numerous reasons behind this, but to cite “white privilege” as the reason is a stretch, to say the least.

Property values don’t go down when more than 10 percent of our neighborhood is saturated with people of our race.

And where are properties being devalued when more than 10% of a predominantly white neighborhood is black? Plus if whites tried to move into a predominantly black neighborhood in large numbers, we’d be accused of trying to displace blacks and force them out. I think you’ve forgotten that racism can and does occur by blacks against whites.

Our children aren’t sitting in classrooms with teachers who are likely not to have even a minor degree in the courses they are teaching.

Actually yes they are.

I graduated from Peru State College in Peru, Nebraska. If you look up that school’s history, you’ll find that it originated as a seminary and normal school. “Normal school” is an old term for what we now call a “teaching college”. In other words, they churn out public and private school teachers. Peru State College today is comprised of three schools: Education, Arts and Sciences, and Business. I graduated from the Peru State’s business school, but many of my friends and former acquaintances graduated from their Education school. To the best of my knowledge, none of them minored or placed any elective emphasis on what they now teach — especially since several are primary school teachers, meaning they teach the entire curriculum (English, math, science, social studies, etc.) minus a couple subjects.

There is no requirement that secondary school teachers actually have degrees, major or minor, in the subjects they teach. As such, you are very likely to have teachers who did not earn a degree in those subjects. Your high school algebra teacher had enough of a familiarity with algebra to teach the curriculum coherently, but it would be rare to have such a teacher also have a degree in mathematics, and rarer still for them to have a PhD in the subject they taught. In fact throughout high school and middle school, I never once had an instructor with a PhD, and I’d be surprised if any of them actually majored or minored in the subjects they taught.

Young white men are not being gunned down by black police officers in epidemic numbers.

Define “epidemic”.

While the occurrence of white officers killing black individuals is garnering significant attention, I have little reason to consider its prevalence to be as significant as the press portrays. At the same time, given the lack of press coverage, it’d make one think that whites aren’t being killed by police officers at all, especially killed by black police officers. But it does happen.

The question is why. Here’s a complementary question: what causes a police officer to open fire on a suspect or detainee? Contrary to what seems to be a popular notion, white officers aren’t shooting and killing black detainees and suspects because they are black. Instead it has less to do with race, and more to do with how blacks interact with police, as I noted in another article responding to the idea that Michael Brown would not have been killed if he was white:

But as the evidence demonstrates, Brown did not obey the officer. He attacked the officer. He gave the officer reason to fear for his life. That is why Brown died that day. It is not because he was black. It’s because he attacked the officer. In confrontations with police, you will likely lose. Whether it’s your freedom or your life, you will very likely lose.

In virtually all cases where a person died at the hands of police, excluding cases where misconduct on the part of the officer was demonstrated, the death occurred because the decedent gave the officer justifiable and demonstrable reason to fear for his life or safety or the life or safety of others. That is it. Is that “white privilege”? Hardly.

Instead it comes down to another problem that sorely needs to be addressed that I also pointed out in the above-noted article:

The fact that blacks are statistically far more likely than whites to be arrested, convicted and jailed for longer sentences also leads them to have a far lesser trust of authority, especially the police. Trust for police among blacks is much lower than among whites, and contacts by police with black individuals are more likely to be confrontational. Add into this the fact that encounters by white officers with black individuals are painted heavily with the “racist” brush, and it becomes a powder keg.

But what happens when a black person is calm and cool with a white officer? Everything right, as one black National Guardsman discussed in a video he made shortly after the officer ended the stop.

Our churches aren’t being burned to the ground, nor or our church members in danger of being gunned down in prayer meetings.

That isn’t “white privilege”. That is just pure racism.

We are not saying to ourselves as part of a white man’s code of conduct that when a police car drives by us without pulling us over even though we are exceeding the speed limit something like: “Well, once again I didn’t get pulled over because I’m white.”

First, a police officer will almost never pull you over for speeding while driving behind you. Because of inconsistencies in speedometers on vehicles, a police officer knows they cannot rely on their speedometer to gauge how fast you are going. It’s a ticket that is very easy to challenge in Court. That is why officers pulling you over for speeding will do so while they are stationary.

But even then, you are actually quite unlikely to get pulled over for speeding, period, whether you are white or black. If you’re following the traffic pattern, even if that traffic pattern is exceeding the speed limit, you’re not going to get pulled over. There is actually a conflict in our traffic laws that explains this.

While you have an obligation under the law to obey the speed limit, you cannot inhibit the flow of traffic doing so. If you were pulled over for speeding but otherwise following the traffic pattern, you can raise the defense in Court that to follow the speed limit would require inhibiting the flow of traffic — i.e. the circumstances meant you could not obey both laws, that either would’ve been violated. I’ve seen police pull over people here in Kansas City for inhibiting the flow of traffic. You will also be pulled over if you are speeding and have other apparent violations such as expired plates.

Instead the ones who get pulled over are the ones who are not following any particular traffic pattern. For example in March 2010, I was pulled over for speeding along US Highway 71 southbound north of Gregory Blvd, speed limit 45. The intersection north of where I was pulled over has a traffic light, and I was the first off the light, and I got out ahead of everyone else, and when pulled over, I was clocked at 57. But because I was “leading the pack” off a traffic light, I could not claim I was following the traffic pattern.

But I know what you are alleging here is “racial profiling”, that blacks get pulled over for arbitrary reasons or minor traffic infractions simply because they are black. And while that might be true, it’s difficult to prove. Data is not the plural of anecdote.

Some of what you then attempt to assert seems nonsensical.

We are not saying to ourselves when our child didn’t get her college application rejected with a questionable GPA something like: “Well, thank God she’s white and that her mother graduated from that school 25 years ago.”

Define “questionable GPA”? And it’s well known that colleges and universities will accept students from prominent alumni and donors. Those coming from military families and those with military experience are more likely to be appointed to the various military academies — Senator John McCain, for example.

So let’s cut through the crap on this one. If you meet all the requirements for admissions to a college and university, then whether you are admitted or not will be based on your perceived chance of graduation based on the major you are targeting. Because colleges and universities do not want to admit students with a high likelihood of dropping out or transferring — especially given that approximately 2 in 5 students at 4-year schools do drop out for one reason or another.

For a while, yes, colleges and universities did practice racial profiling in their admissions processes. But the change to this has led to a different effect. Now when a black student is accepted with a questionable GPA from a questionable part of the country, that student’s peers may conclude the student is there only to fill some quota and may cause the student to think they didn’t actually earn their seat at that college or university. Meanwhile when a white student with a stellar GPA and student record is denied admissions to a prominent college or university, the automatic conclusion, which has been demonstrated in a few prominent cases, is that it is due to affirmative action policies in place.

Civil rights advocates make the claim that these reverse-prejudicial policies are necessary to guarantee blacks a place in society. Yet if one were to call on Howard University to make more room for whites and to proactively seek out whites for admission, there’d likely be a massive uproar.

We are not saying to ourselves when the prosecutor reduces our son’s charges from aggravated assault to loitering and sets him free with a small fine and time served: “Wow, that white prosecutor made sure my white son got a break that the black man who got convicted of that crime last week didn’t get.”

See my previous about blacks being less trustworthy of authority.

While true that blacks do get it worse in the system, you still have to look at individual cases, as that provides the reason why blacks tend to have it worse. Charges are not reduced for the hell of it. A prosecutor isn’t going to go for lesser charges when they have clear evidence of greater charges, and often what a prosecutor offers is what they know they can prove in Court and was never actually intending to seek the greater charges anyway.

What you are implying, though, is that prosecutors only offer plea deals to whites. And that is not true. Plea deals are offered to lighten the workload. Prosecutors are people too, so they’ll offer deals on charges based on the evidence just to make a case go away quickly. It saves them time, it saves the Courts time, and it saves the taxpayers money. But here’s the question to ask: are plea deals more likely to be offered to whites than blacks, or more likely to be accepted by whites than blacks?

Given some of what I’ve seen written by public defenders (anonymously, mostly), I think the entire process is more likely to be smartly navigated by whites than blacks, from the initial detention and arrest up to the point where they meet their lawyer. That is why it is imperative that blacks learn their rights and how to confidently and calmly assert them.

But is that “white privilege”? Nope.

The journey to seeing and understanding the pernicious consequences of privilege includes the harder work of seeing what isn’t there to be seen.

I have started practicing this as a discipline.

Looking at what you wrote following this, you’ve been lying to yourself, and you’ve made yourself significantly more arrogant in the process.

The clerk at the gas station didn’t “feel comfortable” greeting you with a smile because you are white. She likely greets everyone like that who does not immediately give her reason to not. Stand around the shop for longer than it takes to get your receipt and you’ll see that. I see it all the time at the several convenience stores I’ve patroned, in several different parts of the Kansas City metro.

The highway patrolman didn’t let you off without a ticket because you were white. Without knowing how fast you were going compared to the speed limit, I’m going to say you were going less than 10 under the limit and the officer’s initial reasonable suspicion for pulling you over — outside clocking you over the limit — was not confirmed upon closer examination. As such, he let you go without a ticket merely because you cooperated. When I was pulled over for a blown headlight, I was let go with a warning as well because I cooperated with the police. If I’d become belligerent in any way, I would’ve been there a bit longer, and probably would’ve gotten written up for the headlight as well.

And obviously we would expect you to not be detained at a border checkpoint if you’re a white person driving alone! But if you were a black person driving alone, you also would not have been detained! Good fucking God have you become dense… If you had passengers, they probably would’ve detained you long enough to ascertain the ethnicity of anyone else in the car. If they had any reason to suspect any of them were undocumented immigrants, you would’ve been detained longer.

I don’t know in the end if any of those were in fact true statements. That isn’t the point of this exercise. The point is to create a consciousness from which I can no longer let myself escape.

Then why are you telling yourself they are true? You are lying to yourself, creating a false consciousness in which you will trap yourself. These thoughts are thoughts similar to white supremacy. I am treated better because I’m white, therefore I must be better because I’m white. You really need to break out of your little box.

I can notice, and still be happy and content with the privilege I am afforded.

Except you aren’t being afforded any privilege. If you look deeper at things, look beyond the color of your skin, then you’ll see specifically that you were treated a particular way simply because that is actually our default. We want to treat others kindly and give them the benefit of the doubt unless we have reason to not.

As such, I will be refusing your invitation.

I will not pretend that the entire world is somehow working in my favor because I’m white and against others because they are not. I will look at alleged problems critically and examine them closely instead of jumping to racially-motivated conclusions as you have done. If a black person is treated poorly by the police, I will look at the details of the encounter, not conclude automatically it was entirely racially motivated, as you are now doing.

If you want to do as Jesus has said, that all with eyes and the ability to use them should actually see what is around them, then actually look with those eyes and think critically about what you are seeing instead of coming to some rather vapid conclusions. Michael Brown wasn’t shot because he was black, but because he accosted a police officer. Trayvon Martin wasn’t racially profiled, but assaulted Zimmerman in such a way that Zimmerman felt his life was in danger.

And you weren’t let off with a warning or greeted with a smile because you are white, but because you gave no reason to be treated differently. That is what this all boils down to. Treat others as you would want to be treated. I believe that is another tenet that Jesus preached, if I recall correctly.

The golden rule.

At the same time, don’t look around and draw conclusions that someone being treated differently than you is merely because they are different as opposed to acting different. How you act toward others affects how others act toward you. That is something I was taught in school, alongside my black and Hispanic classmates. Perhaps it is something you need to relearn as well, Reverend, instead of teaching your students they are only treated better because they are white as opposed to being treated better because they have not given others reason to be treated differently.

When Martin Luther King, Jr., said that he dreamed of a day when his children “will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character”, it is to what I have said that he is speaking. That if someone is treated differently it is because of how they acted toward others, not the color of their skin.

Again, something you need to relearn, Reverend, and I invite you to do so.

Questioning heroism

In general to be called a “hero”, you must do something heroic. This means that donning a particular uniform doesn’t make you a hero by default. I don’t care if you’re a law enforcement officer, EMT, nurse, physician, fire fighter, or military personnel. You are not a hero if you haven’t done anything heroic. I mean if all you did in the military was repair vehicles or cook meals, you’re not a hero. Sorry to break it to you.

This also leaves open to questioning whether someone is actually a hero. I’m talking, of course, about Senator John McCain and the recent comments from Donald Trump calling into question whether McCain was actually a war hero: “He’s not a war hero. He’s a war hero because he was captured. I like people who weren’t captured.”

Everyone is up in arms, demanding that Trump apologize. Governor Rick Perry said that Trump’s comments made him “unfit to serve as President” while insinuating that he also insulted virtually every veteran living and passed:

Donald Trump should apologize immediately for attacking Senator McCain and all veterans who have protected and served our country. As a veteran and an American, I respect Sen. McCain because he volunteered to serve his country. I cannot say the same of Mr. Trump. His comments have reached a new low in American politics. His attack on veterans makes him unfit to be commander in chief of the U.S. Armed Forces, and he should immediately withdraw from the race for president.

Rick Perry served in the United States Air Force as a commissioned officer from 1972 to 1977, leaving at the rank of Captain (O-3), but never served in Vietnam. John McCain graduated from the United States Naval and Marine Corps Academy in Annapolis and served as an airwing commander during Vietnam. His father and grandfather both also served in the United States Navy, both achieving the rank of Admiral (O-10). Senator McCain would leave the Navy at the rank of Captain (O-6), as his injuries would impair his military duty and ability to maintain minimum requirements for continued service.

Among his awards is the Silver Star and Bronze Star, both of which are awarded for bravery. But the most cited attribute of his military service is his POW status during the Vietnam conflict. It is to this that Trump was speaking when calling McCain’s status as a “war hero” into question.

McCain’s Silver and Bronze Stars mean he had to have done something exceptional during his military service. But the Bronze Star can be awarded for merit or bravery, so a person being awarded the Bronze Star doesn’t mean they did something heroic. That is certainly the typical assumption. McCain’s Silver Star does mean he was considered a fighter ace — having five or more confirmed kills while in the air — and did something considered gallant.

But does that mean he was a “war hero”? That depends on when he earned his Silver and Bronze Star medals and, more importantly, why. Three instances of the Bronze Star, plus his Silver Star, were awarded for actions that occurred while he was a prisoner of war. Did he actually do anything exceptional or heroic during his five and a half years in captivity?

But the bigger question comes down to this: why the backlash for even asking that question?

Questioning someone’s status as a “hero” I feel is about the civil religion of patriotism. They need their heroes, just as the pious need their saints and martyrs. So when someone is declared a saint, or called “blessed” like the late Mother Theresa, anyone calling that status into question is treated as a pariah. The same with “heroes”. Seth Andrews, notable atheist speaker and host of the podcast “The Thinking Atheist”, said this during a recent speech he called “The Mother of Bad Ideas“:

Who’s another hero embraced by millions, above reproach or criticism? I’ve got one. After all who could ever say an unkind word about Mother Theresa. [Audience goes dead silent] You feel that? The reaction is kind of a physical one when you say it to some people. You mention Mother Theresa and you look like you’re about to say an unkind or, sort of an unpraising word, and the chin goes up and, “Whoa, nuh uh. Stop right there. That’s Mother Theresa you’re talking about.”

Indeed Mother Theresa’s legacy goes entirely without question, though it should absolutely be questioned as there are facts in evidence about her that are readily ignored by the vast, vast majority of the world.

There is nothing wrong with calling into question anyone’s status as a “hero”. What we must avoid is the acceptance without question that someone is a hero either because they served in the military, or as a fire fighter or EMT or law enforcement officer. The uniform does not make the hero. Actions do. And actions can be questioned at any time for any reason, and evidence can be demanded at any time to justify a person being called a “hero”.

John McCain’s “war hero” status, however earned, is not above reproach. No person’s “war hero” status is above reproach once bestowed, and may be revoked at any time if it is discovered they did not actually do anything heroic. As such, Donald Trump is well within his right to openly question John McCain’s status as a “war hero”, and to openly declare that he is not one or to demand explanation for how McCain earned the awards that provide his “war hero” status.

But to respond to Trump’s request with the insinuation that he’s insulted all veterans implies that all veterans are heroes (they’re not) and, thus, above reproach (again, they’re not). And that is the attitude that needs to be snuffed out. Questioning one veteran’s status as a “war hero” does not call into question every “war hero”. But given how this country tends to react when it is discovered someone is guilty of “stolen valor”, it should never been seen as unreasonable to call someone’s valor into question and have them produce evidence that such valor was actually earned.

How do we know that John McCain is a “war hero”? How do we know that everyone labeled a “war hero” is actually one? We can’t. But asking the question is not an insult to veterans, but something every person should do. “Oh you earned the Silver Star? What did you do for it?” If you have a Silver Star and your reaction to that question is to feel angry or insulted, you have the problem. If your reaction is to question my patriotism or act like you don’t have to answer that question (which you’re not exactly under any obligation to do so), then you have the problem.

But if you’re going to wear that ribbon and be called a “war hero” for it (regardless of whether you adopt the label or not), I have full right to question whether that label is justified.

Now certainly Trump is acting out of ignorance with his statements. Perhaps if he learned of McCain’s decorations as a naval officer, and how he earned them, he might change his tune. That still does not justify implying that Trump has somehow insulted all veterans, and does not justify implying that all veterans are heroes, and that McCain’s service in the Navy is above reproach.

ASRock BTC Pro Kit

BTC PRO Kit-1

In building out a large project to put some spare hardware back into some kind of use, I purchased this as part of an experiment to connect graphics cards to an old mainboard — specifically a GTX 660 into a mainboard with an nForce 500 SLI chipset, which is PCI-Express 1.0a, by the way. I’m not using this for mining, but distributed computing projects (i.e. BOINC, Folding@Home and the like).

And the kit worked as advertised.

A few things to keep in mind, though. First this operates off standard SATA III cables. The two that come with the kit are relatively short and flat. They’re about the same length as the ones that typically come with a mainboard, the ones you probably swap out not long after building your system because those cables are difficult to manage because they’re stiff and flat.

So you can substitute these for longer, more flexible cables if you want, but make sure that the cables you use are the exact same physical length. I had some problems initially switching cables until I realized the two cables I used had a length difference of about an inch. Sounds like that shouldn’t be a huge problem, but bear in mind that both cables are needed for the mainboard to properly communicate with the card, and the card is typically plugged directly into the slot.

Second, the power cable for this is non-standard. If you have the necessary electronics knowledge you can probably figure out which of the pins on the power cable corresponds to which voltage to have a different kind of power running to it if you desire, but for what I had planned that was a deal breaker.

Instead I’ve switched over to a USB 3.0-based PCI-Express extender for several reasons. The primary reason is that the extender I chose powers the end of the board that takes the expansion card with a standard 4-pin Molex connector, meaning it can be directly connected to a power supply instead of needing a power cable to be run from the 1x insert to the 16x card.

This worked as a proof of concept, though, and it’s worth recommending, especially since it has an actual brand name to it instead of being something generic branded like the USB 3.0 kit I bought.

Note: Image at top copyright ASRock, Inc. Used under “fair use” in accordance with 17 USC § 107 for the purposes of commentary and criticism.

Building a Minecraft server

As I mentioned in a previous article, I decided to co-opt the original game server to use for distributed computing projects. This will actually work out for the better. The co-opted computer has a slightly faster processor at a lower wattage, but less memory on the mainboard.

But I still had my wife’s original X2 mainboard and processor sitting around unused, so I built her a Minecraft server using that instead.

Specifications:

  • AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800+
  • Abit KN9 Ultra
  • 4 GB DDR2 memory
  • SeaSonic SS-250SU power supply
  • ADATA Premier SP600 64GB solid state drive (Model no. ASP600S3-64GM-C)
  • Radeon HD5430 graphics card

It’s a slower processor, but the memory will be more important than the processor speed for this. It’s still only a dual core processor, but the machine will be single purpose. In the Minecraft server testing that my wife did before I co-opted the original for experimentation, she didn’t see any performance concerns — no lag or anything of that sort. But given that her friends will be using this as well, the memory will become the concern on this, so I want to eliminate it as a potential problem.

It’ll be a 64-bit version of Linux with a 64-bit Java runtime environment going onto this, so it should be able to make use of all of 4GB.

The chassis is the same as before: PlinkUSA IPC-G252S 2U chassis. I didn’t see a compelling reason to go with anything else. It can support a full-size ATX mainboard, and I like the internal temperature monitoring — I’m not going to be using its “intelligent” fan controller though as I may want to undervolt the fans to keep them quiet.

Speaking of the fans, I went with NoiseBlocker on this instead of Noctua. The two 60mm fans that came with the chassis were replaced with NoiseBlocker BlackSilent Pro PR-2 fans while adding an M8-S2 for the 5¼” drive bays.

For CPU cooling, I’m again using the Noctua NH-L9A since I love how it’s performing with the distributed computing machine. Sure the processor is rated at a higher wattage, but it won’t be under nearly the same stress levels, and the case will have plenty of incoming airflow to keep temperatures under control. And I’m using the better performing IC Diamond thermal compound.

And yes, I’m putting a SATA III solid-state drive into a computer with a SATA II controller. But given the specifications of the drive, this won’t be much of a constriction on its performance: it’s listed with a sequential read speed of 360 MB/s (2.8Gb/s), and a sequential write speed of 130 MB/s (1 Gb/s). Not exactly top-of-the-market here, but it’ll still be better than any platter drive in both read and write speeds, and I won’t have to worry about heat — I’ll just tape it to the side of the chassis and be done with it.

Building the system

If you’re going to build into this chassis, or really any rack mount chassis, the first thing you should do is strip it. Strip it down to the bare essentials, to where there is nothing in it except whatever is not going to be in your way. If you’re replacing the fans — which I’d highly recommend for this chassis — then take those out as well.

server1

In this case, I replaced the front 60mm fans with NoiseBlocker BlackSilent Pro PR-2 fans. And these were a great choice as these fans are quiet fans at full speed.

server2
server3
server4

This is the mainboard with the new Noctua CPU cooler already pre-installed. I’m still not sure what to do about the Silent OTES thing that Abit introduced back when. I’m considering replacing it with heatsinks and fans, especially since this system was intended to be cooled by the CPU fan, but the low profile cooler isn’t going to be able to do that.

I went with the Radeon card as I mentioned previously. This is mainly because two other cards I tried in the riser had noisy coolers on them. And I want this to be a quiet system, so I went with the card without active cooling on it.

The 80mm fan proved interesting, mainly because I forgot to order another of the 2-bay HDD cages like I used in the other X2 machine. So instead I just used a small piece of 3M VHB double-sided tape.

80mmfan1
80mmfan2

This is holding it pretty well. Not an ideal solution since it’s probably not pulling a lot of air into the chassis — instead likely recirculating more than intake. But it’s a good temporary solution until I can get something more permanent, preferably without having to buy a hard drive cage. To that end, I inquired with Mountain Mods about their dual drive bay cover to see if they could modify two of them for an 80mm fan cutout:

On your website for sale you have a triple 5 1/4″ drive bay cover for mounting a 120mm fan. You also have full cover panels for a dual 5 1/4″ drive bay. I’m looking for a dual drive bay cover panel for mounting an 80mm fan. How much would be the cost to modify your dual drive bay cover — specifically item 2BAY_BA — for an 80mm fan cutout? I’d be interested in acquiring two of them.

I said two because I’d want to use this on the other 2U system as well. For two other rack chassis builds I have in mind, I’d be using the triple drive bay 120mm fan mount Mountain Mods already has available, since those builds are slated to be in 4U chassis.

The next day, though, I had a bit of a realization: since I’m using double-sided tape to stick the fan to the 5¼” drive bay cage, why not pull out the cage and just tape the fan to the chassis itself? At the same time, I redid the cable management around the power supply and 60mm intake fans, tucking the spare power supply cables down under the power supply and drastically opening up the airflow in the chassis.

80mmfan3
server5

This dropped the internal chassis temperature substantially. With just the Minecraft server running, the internal chassis temperature would approach 40C. Now it sits down in the lower 30s.

Setting up the Minecraft server

This system is running Fedora 22 Server. Regardless of what Linux distribution you’re running, these instructions will apply.

First make sure to create a separate, unprivileged user under which the Minecraft server will be run. This will keep it contained within a strict space. This becomes especially important given the server runs on Java.

Download and install the latest Java runtime environment (JRE) for Linux x64. Some Linux distributions will install a product called the OpenJDK instead of Oracle’s JRE, so if that is already installed, you can use that instead, or delete it in favor of the Oracle JRE. Install GNU Screen if not already installed.

As the Minecraft user, create a subfolder called “Minecraft” in the home directory and download the Minecraft server jar into it. The server will create several files, so it helps to have all of that in one subfolder rather than in the home directory. Plus it makes backups a little easier. Launch the server by running “java -jar [minecraft-server.jar]” where [minecraft-server.jar] is the full name of the jar file.

One of the files that is created is “eula.txt”. You will need to edit that file to change the “eula” parameter in it from “false” to “true”. Next, edit the server.properties file. The one line I highly suggest you change is the “level-seed” parameter — change it to some random string generated through random.org (check all options to get a good random string). All other options are up to you to configure, though I’d also suggest enabling the white-list.

You will also need to add the port to the firewall. Follow the instructions based on the distribution you have. For Fedora 22, you would use “firewall-cmd” from the command line to permanently add the port (default: 25565) to the zone for your network adapter, otherwise you won’t be able to access it.

Create a shell script as well for starting the server. Here’s what I use:

#!/bin/bash
screen -S 'Minecraft' java -Xms1G -Xmx3G -jar minecraft_server.jar nogui

The “-Xms1G” parameter sets the minimum memory consumption at 1 GB while “-Xmx3G” sets the maximum memory consumption at 3 GB. The minimum consumption should always be kept at 1G, but you can set the maximum to whatever you need. Since this system will only be running the Minecraft server, 3G is a safe ceiling on this system, though I could set it a little higher if I feel the need, or adjust the minimum if my wife and her friends start complaining of lag.

Once the server is started, press Ctrl+A,D to get out of screen. This will leave the server running in the background, and you can even log out and the server will still be running. When you log back into the server, use “screen -r” from the command line to get back into the administrator console.

Backing up a running server

Periodically you will want to back up your Minecraft server for numerous reasons. For one, if you open the server up for public consumption (though I don’t know why you’d want to) and have a “griefer” come through, it helps to have a snapshot you can revert to. If something else happens or the system up and dies on you, it pays to have a save point.

One suggestion I saw was to use the Linux Dropbox client and basically have your Minecraft server residing in the Dropbox folder so it is always synchronized and continuously backed up. Despite the fact that Dropbox does have a versioning feature, I still wouldn’t call this a good idea. It’s always better to take a full snapshot of the server as it stands at a given moment, even if you ultimately use Dropbox as the backup target, which is what I do.

Below is the script I have set to run hourly. It is run from the home folder and copies the running Minecraft instance, except the jar and lock files, to a temporary folder to be compressed into a tarball and copied to my Dropbox. To use this script, you will need the inotify-tools installed.

#!/bin/bash
_tilde=~
eval _home=$_tilde
_now=$(date +'%Y%m%d_%H%M')
_file='minecraft-backup_$_now.tar'
_gzfile='minecraft-backup_$_now.tar.gz'
_log='$_home/Dropbox/Minecraft backup/backuplog-$_now.txt'

mkdir backup
printf 'Waiting till next level flush before taking snapshot\n\n' >> '$_log'
inotifywait -e open Minecraft/world/session.lock >> '$_log' 2>&1

printf '\n\nCopying Minecraft files to temporary folder\n\n' >> '$_log'
cp -R -v Minecraft backup >> '$_log'
cd backup

printf '\nCreating gzipped tarball\n\n' >> '$_log'

tar cvf '$_file' Minecraft/ --exclude='*.jar' --exclude '*.lock' >> '$_log'
gzip -9 '$_file'
mv '$_gzfile' '$_home/Dropbox/Minecraft backup'

cd ..
rm -r backup

And it also creates a log file for the backup instance so you can look at it to determine if anything went wrong, allowing you to see if you have a good backup or not. As I said I run this hourly, but you can choose to run it at a lesser or greater interval if you desire depending on what you feel are your requirements.

The script will wait until the session.lock file in the world folder is re-opened before copying the data off to a separate folder. In my observation, the server software will close the session.lock file before writing out all of its data to disk, then re-open session.lock. That sequence occurs once every minute. Once that event is detected — the script may wait up to about 60 seconds for it to happen — the script will copy off the entire Minecraft folder knowing it has everything that is vital in a known good state.

Finalizing the graphics host

Build Log:

In a previous article I showed how I had the PCI-Express extenders going through USB panel mount extension cables, with the intention of finishing out that system. Before I could do that, though, I needed to wait on additional panel mount extension cables to arrive along with additional left-angle connectors.

After those arrived, I went to work in getting it built out. The left-angle connectors I ordered weren’t extension cables, but adapters. The intent was to have them flat in the PCI-Express slots with panel mount extension cables going directly into them.

leftangle1

leftangle2

panelmount1

panelmount2

Except this didn’t work the way I’d hoped. The card in the first PCI-Express slot (far right) did not want to stay seated, and the system would not detect any graphics card plugged into it and the second one was touchy. I changed the first two PCI-Express slots over to use the original left-angle extension cables and all three cards were detected. I have the GTX 660 and 680 plugged into the USB connectors corresponding with those two slots.

leftangleextension

And the Berkeley client is using all three graphics cards. The GT 620 is significantly slower than the other two and doesn’t contribute nearly as much, but it’s still faster than either core on the CPU. The intent is to have two GTX 660s and two GTX 680s plugged into this system.

usbpanel

rack

setup

So that is pretty much it for this particular system. There aren’t any changes that will be needed to it. Next up for this project will be the custom cabinet and getting these cards on water.

The water cooling loop is going to be interesting for this because it’s something that really hasn’t been done before. Anywhere. At least not that I can see. Sure there are water cooled racks. I’ve seen examples of them online. But those are typically water-cooled blade servers hooked up to coolant manifolds that pipe coolant to and from external (i.e. outside the building) heat exchangers.

What I have planned is going to be relatively unique — about as unique as figuring out how to plug four graphics cards into a computer via standard USB connectors and cables. I highly doubt anyone has done that before.